フル雇用: 主流派経済学は、市場メカニズムが最終的にフル雇用に近い状態を達成すると考えていますが、MMTは政府がフル雇用を達成するための積極的な役割を果たすべきだと主張しています。例えば、MMTは政府が雇用者最後の手段(Employer of Last Resort、ELR)として機能し、失業者に公共事業などの雇用機会を提供すべきだと提案しています。
There are several key differences between mainstream economic theories (usually referred to as neoclassical or New Keynesian economics) and Modern Monetary Theory (MMT). Here are some of those differences:
Role of fiscal and monetary policy: Mainstream economics believes that monetary policy (primarily central bank interest rate adjustments) is the appropriate tool for stabilizing the economy. In contrast, MMT argues that fiscal policy (government spending and taxation) is more effective in stabilizing the economy and achieving full employment.
Fiscal deficits and government debt: Mainstream economics argues that persistently increasing fiscal deficits could lead to inflation, rising interest rates, or debt crises. However, MMT contends that sovereign currency-issuing nations can increase fiscal deficits without issue until inflation becomes a constraint.
Full employment: While mainstream economics believes that market mechanisms will eventually bring the economy to a state close to full employment, MMT asserts that the government should play an active role in achieving full employment. For example, MMT proposes that the government should function as an employer of last resort (ELR), providing job opportunities in public works and other projects for the unemployed.
Currency issuance: MMT claims that sovereign currency-issuing nations have virtually no risk of defaulting on their debts in their own currency. In contrast, mainstream economics warns that excessive currency issuance by a nation could lead to inflation or credit instability.
These differences result in different approaches to fiscal and monetary policies between mainstream economics and MMT. While MMT advocates for a more active role for the government in the economy, mainstream economics emphasizes the importance of market mechanisms and central bank monetary policies in adjusting the economy.
These differences in viewpoints lead to distinct policy recommendations and economic outcomes. Proponents of MMT argue that the government can use its fiscal policies to address issues such as income inequality, unemployment, and infrastructure development, whereas mainstream economists tend to prioritize controlling inflation and maintaining fiscal discipline.
Moreover, the contrasting perspectives on the role of government intervention in the economy often influence the political debate on economic policy. MMT supporters generally align with progressive policy proposals that emphasize government spending on social programs, while mainstream economists often advocate for a more balanced approach that combines government spending with market-oriented solutions.
In conclusion, the key differences between mainstream economic theories and MMT shape the discussions and decisions surrounding fiscal and monetary policies. Understanding these differences is essential for policymakers, economists, and other stakeholders as they evaluate and implement economic policies to achieve desired goals.